Analysing Porters Diamond Framework In Modern Industries

Analysing Porters Diamond Framework In Modern Industries Since the publication of Porters book, The Competitive Advantage of Nations in 1990, it has attracted considerations from other scholars. Porter used the Diamond model as a theoretical framework for analyzing the national competitiveness, explaining Why do some social groups, economic institutions, and nations advance and prosper? Although Porters Diamond framework has had extensive research and discussion by other scholars, it has also subjected to many doubts and criticism. The diamond model has been founded as too abstract and is only applicable to developed countries which neglected historical dimensions of the late development theory. It also gave too little attention on the impact of national culture as well as downplays the role of the state while it is one of the most influential factors that contribute toward the national competitiveness. Queries have been raised whether factor and demand conditions are transnational or purely national. The essay will assess the idea about diamond model and the Competitive Advantage of Nations in detail and argue that Porters Diamond model does not provides a satisfactory solution to the explain the reason of a nation that achieves international success in a particular industry. Different views of scholars will be employed to highlight the arguments, empirical evidences of industries among the five big countries would be discussed and relevant theories will be cited to support the findings. Principle The primary objective of the book is to explain that the influence of the nation on the international competitive performance of firms occurs through the way in which a firms proximate environment shapes its competitive success over time (Porter 1990 p.29). Also, the level of economic development and national competitiveness of a country is not only related to the political environment and the whole economic conditions, the home base play an important role. Porter has analyzed that the firms are principle actors rather than the nations and states that competitive advantage is created and sustained through a highly localized process. Porter s theory of national competitive advantage, the Diamond model has been developed as a tool through studying of a hundred industries among ten nations to analyze the reasons that a nation could achieve international success in a particular industry. He believes that the ability of a country to gain competitive advantage and become success in a particular industry depends on four national determinants of competitive advantage in a particular industry: 1) Factor conditions which include both basic and advanced factors such as human, physical, knowledge and capital resources as well as infrastructure while advanced factors are the most significant for the competitive advantage 2) Demand conditions, Porter place particular emphasis on the structure of demand in the home market and the role of home demand in providing the impetus for upgrading competitive advantage. 3 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °related and supporting industries. This refers to the clustering of suppliers, knowledge-input institutions and end-users in close proximity which stimulate innovation and increase competitiveness. 4 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °firm strategy, structure and rivalry. It includes the way in which firm are managed and chose to compete. Domestic rivalry is effective in competitive advantage upgrading which gives pressure to the firms to improve on the aspects of quality, innovation and controlling cost. Chance and the government are the two external variables that influence the four determinants of the diamond model. From porters point of view, Chance events (Porter 1990) can create discontinuities that allow shifts in competitive position. while Government is the one which could benefits or adversely affects the four determinants of national advantage in an industry. The diamond model is shown below: (Wikipedia) Example of Pharmacheutical industry Porters first application of the diamond approach has been commended and criticized (Rugman 1991; Dunning 1993; Cho 1994; Brouthers, Brouthers 1997; Moon et al. 1998) as its diamond model has an exclusive focus on the home base concept, which leads to failure to incorporate the effects of multinational activities in his model. The success Germany is because of RD base in the pharmaceutical industry, but the base is mostly come from the outward FDI which is more the multinational activities rather than the home base. According to Gambardella (2000) The competitive advantages of pharmaceutical industry are RD and innovative competencies, marketing and distribution capabilities. Other determinant factors such as financial system, government regulation, education, private businesses and demand etc. are all influences an industry and companies success. Local competitors of multinationals are usually smaller companies specialized in sales of non RD intensive drugs (Gambardella, 2000). For example, pharmaceutical companies operations consist mostly of manufacturing and distribution. The demand for pharmaceutical is low in China comparing to Germany, UK, USA and Japan. Refers to European statistics, pharmaceuticals companies in European countries are much more labour intensive than the US and Japanese ones. The US and Japanese companies are more rely on capital and RD While contrasting the share of valued added on total production value, there are much higher for US and Japan companies than the European countries.US and European companies always compete on the level of new product development. Where Germany has a strong base of RD and skill labor force , it has the 3rd largest is the largest pharmaceutical company in the world , Bayer which accounted for the, which working across 50 different nations. They have invested heavily in U.S. markets and continue to seek new product markets. They has also put a lot of effort for investing the new drugs which they outsource d about 5.3 billion Euros in chemicals to India and investing in RD in Chinas agriculture industry with spending more than 100million Euros.As for the UK, it lags behind in innovation in comparison to countries such as the United States. Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world where are GSK is a British one. Pfizer has a competitive advantage over GSK in the British markets because of its marketing superiority, patenting and high level of RD operations . In comparison the pharmaceutical industry in the US, UK , Germany and China, Bayer has invested aggressively in research and development and it ranks highly among American companies Bayers powerful position in the pharmaceutical industry due to the high level of Germanys education which supplied the human capital as well as skilled labor force that are necessary in this highly competitive industry. Although the evidence above illustrates that the German success is due to the reason on the strong RD base in the example pharmaceutical industry, the base is mostly come from the outward FDI which Porter has not regards this as an important factor toward the contribution of competitive advantage. Example of Automobile Industry Furthermore, Cho (1994)  have criticized Porters discussion about the role of state and MNEs in the theory of national competitive advantage and argues that diamond theory proposed by Porter  is limited to  the used in  developing countries,  and emphasis that the different of  Human resources  in a group and between  the different  factors  and  material factors  in the patterns  are different,  will affect  the national competitiveness. This comes to an example of the automobile industry. For instance, China is a late developed countries which has a lower level of education and therefore leads to a more unskilled labor force comparing to the other developed countries such as US, UK, Germany and Japan. In the automobile industry, Firms in Japan such as Toyota has the highest expenditure on RD and innovation where China is much less competitive in terms of innovation in high technology sectors .The main competitive advantage of automobile industry in China is the massive workforce and cheap labor cost in comparison with Japan , US and the European countries, as well as attracting the FDI and MNEs, it increases the national competitiveness. On the other hand, given the fact that Porter has downplayed the role of the Government in the theory of the national competitive advantage, Government still plays an important role in a particular industry of an country especially for the late developed countries. For instance, since the enterprise and financial institution are almost state owned, China is the country that most of the large industries continue relying on the assistant of Government. The example of the Chinese industry shows the fact that the importance of government power as well as the contribution of MNEs in Chinas automobile industry. Porter has been ignores the Late development theory and gave too little consideration to the role of the state. The diamond model would not be applicable for the less developed countries as a tool to analyze the national competitive advantage such as China. Moreover, Bosch and Prooijen(1992) were also proposed that the Diamond model has neglected the impact of  national culture on the  competitive advantage of nations. This focus on a broad range of subjects within the field of management: management style( Lindvist, 1988),human resources management(Schneider,1988) , motivation theory, (Hofstede,1980)learning curves(Hayes and Allinson,1988), technology transfers( Kedia and Bhagat,1988) and marketing strategy( Tse et al., 1988. The pointed out that In countries with less need for uncertainty avoidance, relations are much loose and hesitation to change in smaller. In the example of automobile industry of Japan and European countries, Japanese firms would design the parts together with the suppliers and the car makers whereas the European firms made a new car without any assistant from the suppliers. This illustrates the uncertainty avoider and shows that the national culture has an important impact on these relations. Against the Diamond model : Evidence of Canada However, Dunnings (1980) argue that when large MNEs seek to improve their global competence and efficiency (when a home nation does not have all sources of competitive advantage), their activities in some or all of the determinants do contribute to a host nations competitiveness in the long run. The successful Canadian exporters show a similar pattern, summarised in Porter (1991a, p.140 Figure 5.1). The twenty-five industries are taking into account either the four main conditions, or the two external variables. There were 25 industries that are group into four additional categories for Canada: resource-based, market-access based, innovation-driven and other. The conclusion is drawn as The basic application of the theory captured shows that Canada has no diamonds. And either Canada is in dire economic straits because it lacks these industry patterns, or the diamond does not apply to all national economies. As a result, the empirical tests results have against the Porters diamond theory which Porter has cautionary comments about complacency, and the probable negative effects of the lack of diamonds are simply assertions. In the role of international economy of Canada, it contains the competitive advantages in the aspect of trading comparing to the European countries ,US, UK ,Japan who has strong base of diamond model. Canada also ranks the top three in the exports sectors . In order for a company to be successful within their industry ,they must improve the level of RD such as, attracting MNEs and FDI, investing abroad in labour skills and technology, consequently, as the seen it are hardly that any competitive advantages are purely national. As MNEs start investing in different industry in Canada, it would gain more competitive advantage through which makes the industries become globalization. Conclusion In conclusion, Porters diamond framework has been extensively discussed and broadly used among nations and industries. However, its actual contribution of analyzing the national competitive advantage has not been clarified. From the above evidences, it indicates that there has been inconsistence between the industry evidences among the countries and Porters theory of Diamond model.As Porter states that firms must actively improve their home base in order to upgrading the determinant and gain national competitiveness. However, in the example of pharmaceutical industry, Germanys success due to the mature RD base of the industries where the RD base are mostly depends on the FDI and Government that Porter does not put much attention on. Moreover, Since Porters study of diamond model is only based on ten nations, it does not provide a satisfactory answer to the national competiveness of the industry for less developed countries. In the case study of the pharmaceutical industries, Porter has neglected the Late Development Theory which is not applicable to the countries such as China. On the other hand, the impact of national culture is one of the missing elements in Porters analysis that would be a factor which influences the national competitiveness. Porter has also gave too litter consideration on the aspect of the Government role and participation of the MNEs where the example of automobile industries indicates that both the Government and MNEs has a lot of impacts in the national competiveness. Another disagreement with Porter is that the factors and demands conditions are not purely national. The data from the example shows that Canada has achieved a good standard of the role of international economy. Although industries in Canada does not have a strong diamond structure as Porter required to contain substantial national competitive advantage, it attracts foreign direct investment and reach high level of exports. These all help the Canadian industries to set up the global webs and become globalization. As there are underlying questions and problems of Porters Diamond framework. Other scholars new theories such as Double  Diamond Model (Rugman 1991) and Nine-Factor Model  (Cho 1994) are suggested to adjust the missing dimensions in Porters analysis. This will explains the reason that some nations could achieve success in particular industry in detail and the models could be used to assess competitive advantage of the national environment in more accurate way which also help  the  industry as a whole  to enhance  the international competitiveness.

Anne Bradstreet

Leonard Anger toes: â€Å"For the Puritan, of course, every personal trial had its theological significance† (100). However, In dealing with the deaths of her grandchildren, It Is her intense grief and overwhelming sense of loss that compel her to question, and at times challenge, the meaning of God's will, consciously knowing this is against the Puritan doctrine. The elegies reflect Breadbasket's effort in trying to balance her struggle to accept, understand, and define her devotion to her family and the physical world against the spiritual definition of God and the expectations of her that.Anne Breadbasket's poetry, both in style and substance, embodies who she Is as a person: a Puritan, a woman, a wife, a mother, and a poet. Anger notes, â€Å"Broadsheet was aware that she was a woman poet, not just a poet,† (114) and that â€Å"She wrote of her family and of the issues that touched her closely at home† (1 15). The â€Å"domestic† poem allows Broadsheet more freely to express her feelings. Kenneth Require claims Broadsheet a better poet within her personal work because it most truthfully represents how she relates to the world-?as a woman, wife, and mother.Require believes the results are evident In Broadsheets private poetry and that â€Å"speaking as a private poet Is so sufficiently close to her domestic vocation that she Is comfortable in the private role† (1 1 Breadbasket's comfort level in writing about personal experience is apparent, and as Wendy Martin notes, this allows her to be â€Å"considerably more candid about her spiritual crises, her deep attachment to her family, and her love of mortal life† (17). Broadsheet reserves her personal poems for a small, trusted audience of family and close friends.Writing for this audience rates a safe environment In which she can reveal her thoughts and feelings without the threat of Judgment or criticism. It Is within this â€Å"comfort zone† that Broadsheet wr ites these three heartfelt elegies and expresses the deeply personal and spiritual conflict she suffers in trying to understand the meaning of her grandchildren deaths. The first elegy, â€Å"In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Broadsheet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and a Half Old,† Anne Broadsheet begins with tender emotion and sorrowful farewells.Her tone is melancholy, her sadness apparent. Beyond Breadbasket's poignant farewells, there is the actual physical structure of the poem to consider. Anger states, â€Å"It is clear that the structure of the stanzas is meant to be symmetrical,† (109). He describes what he believes Breadbasket's desired effect: â€Å"In both [stanzas], the first four lines capture human confusion and sorrow. The last three [lines in each stanza] locate the spiritual essence that provides consolation† (109).Anger considers this symmetry effective in representing Breadbasket's attempt of trying to find logic in Elizab ethan death and her realization at n â€Å"One cannot reason Trot experience to Beginning Witt the first stanza, the pattern of human confusion and sorrow appears in the first four lines when Broadsheet writes repeated farewells and reveals her uncertainty in understanding Elizabethan death: Farewell dear babe, my heart's too much content, Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye, Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent, Then eaten away unto eternity (lines 1-4).Broadsheet is sad that her beloved granddaughter, Elizabeth, should have such a short time on earth and is confused when suddenly and inexplicably she is forever taken away. Looking at the second stanza, in the first four lines Broadsheet focuses on the life cycle of nature, speaking in terms of mature growth-?a contrast to the short life of Elizabeth: By nature trees do rot when they are grown, And plums and apples thoroughly ripe do fall, And corn and grass are in their season mown, And time brings down what i s both strong and tall (8-11).Broadsheet finds it logical that trees eventually rot; ripe fruit falls; corn and grass mown-?their life cycle complete and death expected. What Broadsheet cannot comprehend is why God would not allow Elizabeth a full and long life as He allows tauter. Enveloped within this confusion, Broadsheet reveals her shy question of God's will. As Anger indicates, it is within the last three lines of each stanza Broadsheet accepts her human frailty and receives comfort from accepting God's will.This expressed in the first stanza when Broadsheet writes the last three lines: â€Å"Blest babe, why should I once bewail thy fate, / Or sigh thy days so soon were terminate, / Sits thou are settled in an everlasting state† (5-7). In terms of religion, Broadsheet understands her granddaughter's fate-?to be with God-?is much greater than engaging on earth. Martin comments that Broadsheet is aware of the Puritan woman's duty is â€Å"to assist her family in the serv ice of God,† (69) and â€Å"To love them for their own sake would indicate a dangerous attachment to this world† (69).However, Breadbasket's heart aches for the physical being of Elizabeth, illustrating the conflict she has in quelling her tendency to place a higher importance on physical life than on spiritual life. In the second stanza, Broadsheet expresses in the final three lines a spiritual comfort and understanding when she accepts God's acts as beyond the OIC capable of mere human beings. She ends the poem: â€Å"But plants new set to be eradicate, / And buds new blown to have so short a date, / Is by His hand alone that guides nature and fate† (12-14).Broadsheet understands that God needs no reason. His authority so great, He alone chooses the fate of all living things. According to Puritan theology, God's will is unquestionable, and she at last defers to the wisdom of His ever-knowing power. This pattern, a tug-of-war between the devotion to her faith an d her human need for rational explanation, is successful in contributing to the motional power of this elegy. Four years following the death of Elizabeth, Broadsheet is again grief-stricken by the loss of a second grandchild, Anne.In the elegy Broadsheet dedicates to her, â€Å"In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Anne Broadsheet, Who Deceased June 20, 1669, Being Three Years and Seven Months Old,† seen Decodes more Torturing In tone, out again Tints nearest consulting to ten greater power of God. However, Broadsheet does not begin this poem with tender farewells, her accusation put forth immediately: â€Å"The heavens have changed to sorrow my delight† (2). She directly charges heaven for her sadness and in doing so indirectly blames God.Accusation alternates with retraction as Broadsheet then deflects that statement by later in the poem calling herself a fool: â€Å"More fool then I to look on that was lent / As if mine own, when thus impermanent† (13-14). Broadshe et places the blame back on herself for her foolish expectations of thinking that Anne belongs to this life, when in fact she belongs to God. This is another example of the great effort Broadsheet puts forth in trying to reconcile her feelings between the natural world and the spiritual world.In the closing lines Broadsheet writes: â€Å"Meantime my throbbing heart's cheered up with this: / Thou with thy Savior art in endless bliss† (17-18). Through rote obedience, Broadsheet claims comfort by the thought that Anne is now with God; although, this attempt to balance her grief against her trust in God expressed with reluctant resignation. Tragically, Breadbasket's grandson, Simon, dies Just five months following the death of her granddaughter, Anne.It is this third poem, â€Å"On My Dear Grandchild Simon Broadsheet, Who Died on 16 November, 1669, Being But a Month, and One Day Old,† hat is most powerful in illustrating the culmination of Breadbasket's deep sorrow and int ense frustration in her continued search for the meaning of her grandchildren deaths. Breadbasket's anger is palpable. Her grief is acute and raw. She now intends her accusations to be understood and deliberately ends the alternating pattern of shy questioning and submissive acceptance of God's will, a method used in the two previous elegies to mask her challenge of God.Broadsheet barely contains her anger and outrage when she blatantly charges God for her grandchildren deaths and penny questions his goodness when she writes: â€Å"Three flowers, two scarcely blown, the last I' the' bud, / Cropped by the' Almighty hand; yet is He good† (3-4). She cannot find wisdom or greater meaning in God's decision. She cannot reconcile the supposed goodness of God with the tragic deaths of her three grandchildren: a good God would not inflict such pain and sorrow.Breadbasket's voice is marked with strained piety that barely conceals her contempt of a God who would intend the death of a ch ild to serve as a lesson to her. Pamela Shelton comments on this when rites, â€Å"In poems mourning the deaths of grandchildren, she finds it more difficult to accept the God that she, as a Puritan, must love and obey: she writes with bitter irony about a God who kills children in order to test adults. † Broadsheet fills her lines with dark sarcasm and takes less care in her attempts to mask her accusations.Shelton notes what she considers the most powerful lines in this elegy: â€Å"Later, mourning her grandson Simon Broadsheet, the word ‘say is chillingly ironic: ‘Such was [God's] will, but why, let's not dispute, / With humble hearts and mouths put in the dust, / Let's say he's merciful, as well as Just. Here Broadsheet cannot connect her roles of grandmother and Puritan; she can only go through the gesture-? write the poem in which she tries to trust God-?of reconciling her personal experience with her religious faith. In this elegy, Broadsheet seems not as cautious in camouflaging her accusations; in fact, her tone is unmistakably condescending. However, she strategically constructs her phrases and carefully snoozes near words, stressfully conveying near sense AT Dearly walkout crossing ten dangerously thin line that separates piety and heresy within the Puritanical society. She demonstrates this by naming him merciful and Just, albeit without sincerity or In Breadbasket's closing lines, it is revealing that she does not refer to conviction.Simon being with God. Instead she writes, â€Å"Go pretty babe, go rest with sisters twain† (11). Broadsheet finds comfort not from the thought that Simon is with God, but that he is now with his sisters. Here she is outright refusing to accept comfort from a God who she deems unjust and unfair. Anne Broadsheet reveals through these three moving elegies dedicated to her beloved grandchildren the emotional and virtual Journey she traveled in seeking answers to her questions of faith.These poe ms symbolize Breadbasket's mourning the loss of her grandchildren and the conflict she experiences in attempting to define her faith in God and in the Puritan religion. According to Martin, â€Å"Anne Broadsheet finally managed to believe in God,† (76) but, â€Å"her faith was based on a profound desire to remain connected to life, whether in this world or the next† (76). I declare the Honor Pledge. Works Cited Martin, Wendy. An American Triptych: Anne Broadsheet, Emily Dickinson, Adrienne Rich. 17, 69, 76. North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984.

Why Teaching Intellingent Design and Creationism in...

As a parent of a student that attends this school system, I would like to take the time to explain to you why I do not believe that incorporating intelligent design and creationism into the curriculum in our schools is a good idea, nor one that will further the intelligence of our kids but will rather, waste their time and leave them ill prepared for their futures in a university setting where the only thing that is taught is the valid truth of the Theory of Evolution. As many people already are aware, there are many disagreements as to why evolution is not true and should not be taught to students in our schools. Most of these arguments stem from nothing but pure ignorance on the part of the person arguing for intelligent design to be†¦show more content†¦If the enthusiasts of intelligent design and creationism actually had knowledge of the way they science and the scientific method functioned, I don’t believe they would be so quick to wish for their views on the subject and their theories to be put alongside the Theory of Evolution, which has been proven to stand the test of time. For as long as Charles Darwin’s theory has been tested, which is over one hundred and fifty years, I can certainly say that I will not require that length of time to pick apart intelligent design. In fact, I’m sure I can explain it fully by the time I have finished this paper. The point that I am about to prove is how to identify and fully discredit a theory that has absolutely no scientific basis whatsoever. Teaching our children to dismantle these theories and to ask questions themselves is just as important lesson as the original lesson that was being taught. Not knowing how to properly do this is the main reason that people tend to accept, grab on to and cling to these ancient theories that have been debunked time and time again. It all boils down to ignorance. A quick lesson on intelligent design for the people who are not familiar with the theory: Intelligent design followers think that there are gaps in the theory of evolution. They accuse that scientists have not been able to fill each and every gap and answer every

Kant And David Hume Views On The Matter - 1457 Words

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This morbid topic is an interesting debate because many people have opposing views as whether it s s negative or positive, right or wrong, justifiable or injustice. Basically, whatever the morality of it is. I believe it is morally justifiable or permissible, based on Hume s views and that he has a more humanistic and better approach than Immanuel Kant. To understand this, one has to briefly understand the ideals that both Kant and Hume portray. For Immanuel Kant, there isn t a way to just claim someone is moral or immoral from subjectivity. There are laws in human nature thatShow MoreRelatedComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 PagesComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant David Hume and Immanuel Kant each made a significant break from other theorists in putting forward a morality that doesn’t require a higher being or god, for a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. 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